Kotlin Cheatsheet

Basic Syntax

Variable Declaration

val readOnly = 42        // Immutable variable
var mutable = 42         // Mutable variable

Data Types

val number: Int = 42
val decimal: Double = 3.14
val text: String = "Hello, Kotlin!"
val character: Char = 'K'
val flag: Boolean = true

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Control Flow

If Expression

val max = if (a > b) a else b

When Expression (Switch)

when (value) {
  0 -> println("Zero")
  1, 2 -> println("One or Two")
  in 3..10 -> println("Between 3 and 10")
  else -> println("Out of range")
}

For Loop

for (i in 1..5) { /* ... */ }
for (item in collection) { /* ... */ }

While Loop

while (condition) { /* ... */ }
do { /* ... */ } while (condition)

---

Functions

Function Declaration

fun add(a: Int, b: Int): Int {
    return a + b
}

// Single-expression function
fun multiply(a: Int, b: Int) = a * b

Default Arguments

fun greet(name: String = "Guest") {
    println("Hello, $name!")
}

Named Arguments

greet(name = "Alice")

Higher-Order Functions

fun operate(a: Int, b: Int, operation: (Int, Int) -> Int): Int {
    return operation(a, b)
}

val sum = operate(3, 4) { x, y -> x + y }

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Lambdas and Anonymous Functions

Lambda Expression

val square = { x: Int -> x * x }
val result = square(5) // 25

The it Keyword

val numbers = listOf(1, 2, 3)
val doubled = numbers.map { it * 2 }

Lambda Syntax

// Basic lambda syntax
val sum = { x: Int, y: Int -> x + y }
val sayHello = { name: String -> println("Hello $name") }

// Lambda with receiver
val isEven: Int.() -> Boolean = { this % 2 == 0 }

// Lambda with implicit parameter 'it'
val square: (Int) -> Int = { it * it }

// Multi-line lambda
val processNumber = { x: Int ->
    val doubled = x * 2
    doubled + 1
}

---

Collections

Creating Collections

val list = listOf(1, 2, 3)                // Immutable List
val mutableList = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3)  // Mutable List

val set = setOf(1, 2, 3)                  // Immutable Set
val mutableSet = mutableSetOf(1, 2, 3)    // Mutable Set

val map = mapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 2)       // Immutable Map
val mutableMap = mutableMapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 2) // Mutable Map

Common Collection Operations

map

val squares = numbers.map { it * it }

filter

val evenNumbers = numbers.filter { it % 2 == 0 }

reduce

val sum = numbers.reduce { acc, num -> acc + num }

fold

val product = numbers.fold(1) { acc, num -> acc * num }

any / all / none

val hasNegative = numbers.any { it < 0 }
val allPositive = numbers.all { it > 0 }
val noneZero = numbers.none { it == 0 }

find / firstOrNull

val firstEven = numbers.find { it % 2 == 0 }

groupBy

val grouped = words.groupBy { it.first() }

partition

val (even, odd) = numbers.partition { it % 2 == 0 }

flatMap

val flatList = listOfLists.flatMap { it }

sorted / sortedBy / sortedDescending

val sortedNumbers = numbers.sorted()
val sortedByLength = words.sortedBy { it.length }

Collection Operations

Transform Operations

// Map transformations
val numbers = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
val doubled = numbers.map { it * 2 }
val indexed = numbers.mapIndexed { index, value -> "[$index]: $value" }
val notNull = numbers.mapNotNull { if (it > 2) it else null }

// Flatten operations
val nested = listOf(listOf(1, 2), listOf(3, 4))
val flat = nested.flatten()
val flatMapped = numbers.flatMap { listOf(it, it * 2) }

Filter Operations

// Basic filtering
val filtered = numbers.filter { it > 2 }
val negativeFiltered = numbers.filterNot { it > 2 }
val indexedFilter = numbers.filterIndexed { index, value -> index % 2 == 0 }

// Partitioning
val (evens, odds) = numbers.partition { it % 2 == 0 }

Grouping Operations

// Basic grouping
val grouped = numbers.groupBy { it % 2 }
val groupedWithTransform = numbers.groupBy(
    keySelector = { it % 2 },
    valueTransform = { "Value: $it" }
)

Aggregation Operations

// Reduction operations
val sum = numbers.reduce { acc, next -> acc + next }
val sumRight = numbers.reduceRight { next, acc -> next + acc }
val sumOrNull = emptyList<Int>().reduceOrNull { acc, next -> acc + next }

// Fold operations
val customSum = numbers.fold(0) { acc, next -> acc + next }
val customSumRight = numbers.foldRight(0) { next, acc -> next + acc }

// Aggregate operations
val count = numbers.count { it % 2 == 0 }
val maxBy = numbers.maxByOrNull { -it }
val sumBy = numbers.sumOf { it * 2 }

Sequence Operations

Creating Sequences

// Different ways to create sequences
val simpleSequence = sequenceOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
val fromCollection = listOf(1, 2, 3).asSequence()
val generated = generateSequence(1) { it + 1 }
val fibonacci = generateSequence(Pair(0, 1)) { Pair(it.second, it.first + it.second) }
    .map { it.first }

Sequence Operations

// Efficient chain of operations
val result = numbers.asSequence()
    .map { it * 2 }
    .filter { it > 5 }
    .take(2)
    .toList()

// Windowed operations
val windowed = numbers.asSequence()
    .windowed(size = 2, step = 1)
    .toList()

// Chunked operations
val chunked = numbers.asSequence()
    .chunked(2) { it.sum() }
    .toList()

---

String Operations

String Templates

val name = "Kotlin"
println("Hello, $name!")

Substring

val substring = text.substring(0, 5)

Split

val parts = csv.split(",")

Join

val joined = list.joinToString(separator = ",")

Regular Expressions

val regex = "\\d+".toRegex()
val numbers = regex.findAll(text).map { it.value.toInt() }.toList()

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Null Safety

Nullable Types

var nullableString: String? = null

Safe Call Operator ?.

val length = nullableString?.length

Elvis Operator ?:

val length = nullableString?.length ?: 0

Not-null Assertion !!

val length = nullableString!!.length // Throws if null

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Ranges and Progressions

Ranges

val range = 1..10          // Inclusive range
val exclusiveRange = 1 until 10  // Excludes 10

DownTo and Step

for (i in 10 downTo 1 step 2) { /* ... */ }

---

Extension Functions

Defining an Extension Function

fun String.isPalindrome(): Boolean {
    return this == this.reversed()
}

val isPalin = "madam".isPalindrome()

---

Scope Functions

let

val length = nullableString?.let { it.length }

apply

val person = Person().apply {
    name = "John"
    age = 30
}

also

val numbers = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3).also {
    it.add(4)
}

run

val result = nullableString?.run {
    length
}

with

val fullName = with(person) {
    "$firstName $lastName"
}

// let - useful for nullable objects
nullable?.let { value ->
    // use value
}

// with - object configuration
with(object) {
    property = value
    method()
}

// run - object configuration and computation
object.run {
    property = value
    method()
    computeSomething()
}

// apply - object configuration returning the object
object.apply {
    property = value
    method()
}

// also - additional effects
object.also { obj ->
    // do something with obj
    logger.info("Object processed: $obj")
}

---

Sequences

Creating Sequences

val sequence = sequenceOf(1, 2, 3)
val generatedSequence = generateSequence(1) { it + 1 }

Sequence Operations

val firstTen = generatedSequence.take(10).toList()

---

Miscellaneous

Destructuring Declarations

val (name, age) = person

Infix Functions

infix fun Int.add(other: Int): Int = this + other
val sum = 2 add 3

Tail Recursive Functions

tailrec fun factorial(n: Int, acc: Int = 1): Int {
    return if (n <= 1) acc else factorial(n - 1, acc * n)
}

Operator Overloading

data class Point(val x: Int, val y: Int) {
    operator fun plus(other: Point) = Point(x + other.x, y + other.y)
}

Common Algorithms

Sorting

val sortedList = unsortedList.sorted()
val sortedByProperty = list.sortedBy { it.property }

Binary Search

val index = sortedList.binarySearch(target)

Finding Max/Min

val max = numbers.maxOrNull()
val min = numbers.minOrNull()

Distinct Elements

val uniqueItems = list.distinct()

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Exception Handling

Try-Catch-Finally

try {
    // Risky operation
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle exception
} finally {
    // Cleanup code
}

Higher-Order Functions

// Function that takes a function as parameter
fun operateOnNumber(x: Int, operation: (Int) -> Int): Int {
    return operation(x)
}

// Function that returns a function
fun createMultiplier(factor: Int): (Int) -> Int {
    return { number -> number * factor }
}

Type-Safe Builders (DSL)

// Example of type-safe builder pattern
class HTML {
    fun head(init: Head.() -> Unit) = Head().apply(init)
    fun body(init: Body.() -> Unit) = Body().apply(init)
}

class Head {
    fun title(init: () -> String) = Title(init())
}

class Body {
    fun div(init: Div.() -> Unit) = Div().apply(init)
}

// Usage
html {
    head {
        title { "Title" }
    }
    body {
        div {
            +"Content"
        }
    }
}

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Best Practices & Tips

1. Use sequences for large collections when you need multiple operations
2. Prefer immutable collections (listOf, setOf, mapOf) over mutable ones
3. Use scope functions appropriately based on context:
   • let for nullable objects
   • with for operating on non-null objects
   • run for object configuration and computing return value
   • apply for object configuration
   • also for side effects
4. Use extension functions to enhance existing classes
5. Leverage infix functions for more readable DSLs
6. Use typealias for complex function types

Tips for Coding Interviews in Kotlin:

• Immutability: Prefer val over var to promote immutability.
• Null Safety: Leverage Kotlin’s null safety features to avoid NullPointerException.
• Standard Library: Familiarize yourself with collection operations (map, filter, reduce).
• Idiomatic Kotlin: Use extension functions, lambdas, and higher-order functions to write concise code.
• Readability: Write clear and readable code; use meaningful names and avoid overly complex expressions.
• Edge Cases: Always consider and handle edge cases, such as empty inputs or large datasets.
• Practice Problems: Solve algorithm and data structure problems in Kotlin to get comfortable with its features.